America s The American Dream - 1277 Words

Everyone has different interpretations of what the American dream is, but we all can agree that it is a concept that provides us with the hope for a better life. It is a dream of experiencing life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. To some people, the American dream is about being wealthy, practicing liberty, to believe in any religion, and to have better opportunities in life. Throughout history, many immigrants have migrated to America because they want to begin a new life and achieve the American Dream. Many can debate that the American dream is not realistic.The United States has decreased its popularity in recent decades. For this reason, many do not think that they can attain â€Å"The American Dream,† but for many this dream is†¦show more content†¦Philippine immigration began with colonization of the Philippines as a U.S. territory. When the Philippines gained its independence from the U.S. it left an impression on the Filipino people. Many Filipinos felt that immigrating to the U.S. would be an opportunity to live a life like the Americans who left an impression in their hearts. The Americans taught the filipinos a common language like English, a culture of modernism, and most of all a life to live freely. Due to the problem of poverty and lack of free education, Filipinos lean towards migrating to the U.S. as part of their American dream. My mother is just like many other immigrants. She dreamed of a having a better life, with a promise of a good future and ed ucation for her children. Although she knew that she would face many challenges down the road. She still embarked on the journey, boldy, and driven by the hope of her American dream. With the process of trying to achieve the â€Å"American Dream,† she had given our family many things that money couldn’t buy. She taught us how to be strong, faithful, and to never give up on our dreams. Even though her life was so simple back then, she never stopped dreaming big and always showed passion and drive in anything. In fact, she graduated Pharmacy and became the top Notcher of the board exam in the Philippines. Moreover, she migrated to America because of the lack of job opportunities and low wages in the Philippines, she felt that the only chance for our familyShow MoreRelatedAmerica s The American Dream1537 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica the beautiful. From one shining sea to another lies this relatively adolescent country. A country that is filled with a set of ideals in whi ch freedom includes the opportunity for prosperity and success. It is the belief that, no matter how poor you begin life, you can achieve upward social mobility for your family and children. Many people believe that rising social mobility and success is possible in America for everyone due to American social, economic, and political system. ThroughoutRead MoreAmerica s The American Dream1974 Words   |  8 Pagescountries come to America hoping to achieve the â€Å"American dream.† They see flashy cars, big houses, and expensive iPhones and equate that to fulfilling the faà §ade of the â€Å"American Dream†. What foreigners don’t know is that to fulfill the American Dream simply means to have the opportunity to achieve. America is a country founded on freedom and opportunity, the belief that anything is attainable. American media will show expensive cars and luxury homes but fail to publicize the homeless Americans sitting outsideRead MoreThe American Dream in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerlad832 Words   |  4 Pagesin America has their own American Dream. These dreams may vary from having a family or becoming a rich business person. The American dream was strongest in our country during the start of the 1920s. America was just beginning to triumph over poverty. People were becoming more successful as a country. Carrie Latet once said, May I never wake up from the American dream. Along with Carrie, this was the wish of the vast majority of America. In 1929, the Great Depression hit and many Americans didRead MoreThe American Dream By Thomas Wolfe1750 Words   |  7 Pagesmove to the United States of America looking for the American Dream; flexibility, uniformity, and the chance to accomplish their own objectives in life that they couldn t generally accomplish in their country. The American Dream is the quest for flourishing furthermore, opportunity that drives individuals to push their own particular points of confinement and continue on so as to lead fruitful lives and accomplish whatever objectives they set. The American Dream is a reality; each residentRead MoreThe American Dream By James Truslow Adams1130 Words   |  5 Pagesof the American Dream. The American Dream has changed dramatically over the few centuries. During the Founding Fathers’ time, many believed the American Dream meant freedom, equality, and mutual respect. Time has changed this ideology of the American Dream, which is now seen as owning a million dollar mansion with multiple luxury cars. This isn’t the case for many immigrants who come to the Americas to have a better life for themselves and their family. To many of them, the American Dream is as simpleRead MoreThe American Dream in Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay1098 Words   |  5 Pages Of Mice And Men explores the ways in which both immigrants and Americans tried to conquer and obtain their goal in life, which in this case was to try and attain their own the American Dream. I will also explores ways in how the American Dream is central to the novel and how Steinbeck reflects the society at the time. In the early 1900s the object that determined the wealth of a family, the object that was mentioned in every conversation all over the world andRead MoreWho Stole The American Dream?1108 Words   |  5 PagesAre we chasing after a dream that no longer exist? While reading Who Stole the American Dream? by Hedrick Smith and The Next America by Paul Taylor, I started to ponder this concept of the American Dream. The American Dream has been central to America s identity for centuries now, it is a concept in which people have the freedom of opportunity for prosperity and success, and through hard work the ability to move up in social class. In Smith s book he argues that due to the consolidation of wealthRead MoreThe American Dream1293 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Dream The meaning of the American Dream has changed over the course of history, and includes both personal components (such as home ownership and upward mobility) and a global vision. Historically the Dream originated in the mystique regarding frontier life. As the Royal Governor of Virginia noted in 1774, the Americans for ever imagine the Lands further off are still better than those upon which they are already settled. He added that, if they attained Paradise, they would moveRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1599 Words   |  7 Pagesaround his time of life. Fitzgerald lived during the Roaring 20’s and recorded many important events and themes that occurred around him. One of Fitzgerald’s most popular novels is named The Great Gatsby. The Great Gatsby is written to reproduce the environment that Fitzgerald was living in. This semiautobiographical work uses fictitious characters to portray how people around Fitzgerald acted and what the overall theme of America was at this point in time. The years that ensued World War I wereRead MorePoverty And The American Dream919 Words   |  4 Pagespoverty rate among children was 16.2% (Reef 253)! Poverty is a relevant issue that isn t going away. It s ruining minds and lives at the same time. Poverty changes how people view the American Dream, achieve the American Dream, and even affect how people s brains work and develop. With all of the media s hatred of poor people, it must affect their self-confidence and how they view the American Dream. Through her experience, Jennifer Mayer has noticed that very problem. While working in the soup kitchen

Defying Society Expectations Free Essays

Society’s expectations often conflict with the views and standpoints of the individuals in these societies. The three novels, Anna Karenina, Catch-22, and The Dark Child illustrate the torture endured by the characters that fight for righteous causes against an enemy of monstrous magnitude – society. The protagonist in each novel helps to present the author’s specific criticisms of society. We will write a custom essay sample on Defying Society Expectations or any similar topic only for you Order Now By depicting and emphasizing the plight of each main character, the authors were able to achieve the effect of demonstrating what they considered to be the shortcomings of society. Through their struggles, the three characters develop an â€Å"inner good† through demonstrating a defining human quality – the ability to stand for one’s beliefs regardless of the obstacles that stand in their way. The double standard that women faced in Russian society is illustrated in the novel Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy. Rarely in literature does a female character endure as much misery and pain as Anna Karenina. Anna is a depiction of the modern woman trapped in the unfortunate settings of 19th century Russia. Imprisoned in the traditional roles of women, Anna is prevented from living the life she needs to live and loving the man she desires. She does not love her husband, Alexey Alexandrovich Karenin, but is forced under the pressure of society to appear as though she does. â€Å"The Karenins, husband and wife, continued living in the same house, met every day, but were complete strangers to one another. Aleksey Aleksandrovich made it a rule to see his wife every day†¦ (373) She rejects the conventional expectations of women by committing unfaithful acts against the will of society as represented by her husband and by refusing to have children after she and Vronsky begin living together. By doing so, Anna fails to fulfill the ultimate female duty and in effect breaks the ostentatious cycle of birth, life and death. Her situation is the result of society’s sexist double standard. Tolstoy makes a clear and distinctive illustration of the double standard by comparing Anna’s situation with that of her brother’s, Stiva Oblonsky. Stiva, in the very beginning of the novel is caught having an affair with the French governess. Despite destroying his household, he continues his normal routine without regretting his affair. When Anna’s affair with Vronsky is exposed however, Anna faces a tremendous amount of scrutiny and criticism from the members of Russian high society. â€Å"The highest Petersburg society is essentially one: in it everyone knows everyone else, everyone even visits everyone else. (135) Her situation, unlike that of her brother’s shows the double standard by which the sins committed by men are ignored while women in similar situations are unfairly punished. Anna is victimized by her desire to live a life of free will. She identifies the injustices of her society and therefore chooses to betray the â€Å"proper† role of women. As a result, Anna suffers, brutally defeated by the constrictions imposed by society. Yossarian, the protagonist in the novel Catch-22 written by Joseph Heller, similar to Anna Karenina, also faces a conflict against society’s ridiculous constraints. Like Anna, Yossarian chooses a path of defiance and disobedience against a society that does not recognize the individuality and free will of a human being. In Catch-22, soldiers are treated like puppets in a war with an undefined purpose and meaning. This loss of individuality and appreciation for life is illustrated in several elements of the story. A primary example of this theme of loss is demonstrated in the character of Colonel Cathcart who’s one and only aspiration is to become a general. â€Å"Colonel Cathcart wanted to be a general so desperately he was willing to try anything†¦ e had raised the number of missions to sixty†¦ † (186) His approach in becoming general involves increasing the number of required missions his men are to fly thus making it impossible for his men to fulfill the requirement. Cathcart also volunteers specific men for dangerous missions so as to enhance his squadron’s record which in effect boosts his ranking. Cathcart clearly has no value or appreciation for the lives of his men and is only concerned with his own prestige. This theme of loss appears again in the character of Lieutenant Schiesskopf, Yossarian’s commanding officer in California. Schiesskopf organizes tiresome Sunday parades for the men in his squadron. He becomes obsessively fond of parades to the point where he sees his men more as puppets than as human beings. â€Å"He manipulated boxes of chocolate soldiers until they melted in his hands and then he maneuvered in ranks of twelve a set of plastic cowboys†¦ † (67) He even wants to wire them together so that their movements will be perfectly precise. Yossarian is an individual trapped in a society that has no concern or regard for his life. â€Å"Morale was deteriorating and it was all Yossarian’s fault. The country was in peril; he was jeopardizing his traditional rights of freedom and independence by daring to exercise them. † (415) He identifies these flaws in this system and refuses to accept them. He attempts to escape the war through feigning illness and insanity. His efforts are only partially successful and after each attempt he is eventually forced to return to duty. Finally, Yossarian is offered a deal by Colonel Korn. Korn is willing to send Yossarian home under the condition that he presents a fine account of the war effort to those in the U. S. Yossarian is neither willing to die for the glory of the commanding officers of whom he despises, nor is he willing to falsely support an effort for which he is opposed to. Therefore he escapes to Sweden under the assistance of the chaplain. The Dark Child written by Camara Laye, is an autobiography describing a conflict similar to that of Yossarian’s and Anna’s in which Laye had to struggle against the deep cultural beliefs and sacred traditions of his African village. â€Å"†¦ because in the country everyone knows everyone else-are more strictly regulated. (21) The village that Laye grows up in celebrates many sacred ceremonies that help to demonstrate the powerful cultural values that bind together the members of this community. One of the most fascinating traditions celebrated by the village deals with the symbolic ceremony of circumcision emblematic of the passage into manhood for young men. â€Å"When I had left her I was still a child†¦ Now I was a man! † (131) This festival of circumcision lasts for weeks as the young men prepare for manhood by isolating themselves from their families to eventually rejoice in an e laborate dancing festival. The extravagance of such rituals demonstrates the intensity of the customs that define Laye’s community. This community functions as if all its members are part of an extended family. The people work together in an intricate network which strives toward the common goal of preserving the welfare of the village. This system is so intricately woven that each individual’s actions have a substantial effect on the interests of the village. This is therefore the reason why careful consideration is made for every major decision confronted to the members of the village. When Laye considers studying abroad, he is faced with the tremendous pressure of his family and from the members of his community to stay home. Laye’s mother applies an particularly significant amount of pressure and stress on Laye. This causes Laye to contemplate his decision more thoroughly. â€Å"You’ll stay right here. Your place is here†¦ What are they thinking about at the school? Do they imagine I’m going to live my whole life apart from my son? † she cried. (184) Laye held his mother in a high regard for her unique and mystical character which â€Å"†¦ was due also to the strange powers she possessed. (69) Having a high regard for his mother’s wishes and a respect for the village system put Laye in an extremely conflicting situation as he was trying to make his decision to study abroad. Nonetheless, like Anna and Yossarian, Laye did not let society’s constrictions decide the outcome of his life. He pursued his ambitions despite defying the wishes of his mothers and the traditions and standards of his society. Anna, Yossarian, and Laye have stories that illustrate the unifying theme of â€Å"inner good†. These three characters demonstrate and define this premise through their interactions within the societies that they live in. Their struggles define â€Å"inner good† as the ability to pursue one’s ambitions and aspirations regardless of the obstacles that stand in their way. These characters fought phenomenal battles against resistances of immeasurable proportions – society. In the process of their struggles, they were forced to sacrifice the values of their societies and were forced to rebel against what they were previously made to believe as normal. Though some did not ultimately achieve success, it is their actual efforts that mark their righteousness of their pursuits. How to cite Defying Society Expectations, Papers

A Year In The Life Of Elementary School †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Year In The Life Of Elementary School. Answer: A Year in the life of elementary school This is a critique of a qualitative research article titled: A Year in the Life of an Elementary School: One Schools Experiences in Meeting New Mathematics Standards. It was written by Karen Dorgan in 2004. The main purpose of the study was to examine changes in the state's standards of learning and how it affected pedagogical decision making, teaching and learning, and methods of instruction and evaluation. Therefore, this critique is based on, my interpretation of the article as an example of a qualitative study. It will focus on the statement of interest, methods, research questions, findings, rigor, strengths, and weaknesses. Statement of interest The study was directed at an elementary school in the state of Virginia and the efforts it was making adapting to the changes in standards for education learning in the state (Dorgan, 2004). The purpose was clearly indicated in the abstract section. She stated that the purpose of the research was to attempt to understand how, and to what extent their [the faculty and administration of this particular elementary school] decisions about instruction were influenced by the Standards of Learning and the state tests (Dorgan, 2004). Similarly, the focus of the study was explicitly and clearly stated in the abstract. She stated that the primary focus of the study was on the Mathematics programme at the school and strategies the school applied in an attempt to raise students mathematics test scores. Methods Dorgan conducted a non-participatory case study from the school year 1999-2000. During this period, she used ethnographic analysis as a method of triangulating data. She used all the three forms of qualitative data collection methods-interviewing, observation, and data analysis. Various themes emerged during the process of data collection and she recorded all of them in the data results section in the report (Dorgan, 2004). In qualitative research, it is important to point out the themes that became clear to you while you were conducting your study (Lewis, 2015). Similarly, they also it also helps developing research hypothesis. Rigor Indeed, Dorgan explained how rigor was assured in her research. The study is valid because Dorgan used of qualitative data collection methods. It was credible because of both data collection methods and excerpts from the report showed that the author maintained focus in her research. Further, the conformability of the study is ensured by the provision of excerpts from interviews (Dorgan, 2004). Lastly, transferability is ensured through the reference to literature in the literature review section. Strengths The report outlined findings and conclusions that were related to the research questions. For example, Dorgan found that the effects of political decisions on teaching and learning were generally negative in this case (Dorgan, 2004). This answered the research question on the effect of politics on pedagogy. Weaknesses Although I found this study satisfactory as a qualitative research, there were some elements that it lacked. For example, the author failed to provide an explanation of the data collection processes (Babbie, 2015). Similarly, the article lacked sufficient background literature. Characteristics of good nursing care by Athlin and Hedelin This qualitative research was conducted in 2007 by Athlin Hedelin and Hov R. The two examined what constitutes quality care for ICU patients. In this paper, I analyze and critique the article using the elements of a qualitative research study as my basis. I will focus on the statement of interest, methods, findings, rigor, strengths, and weaknesses. Statement of interest The purpose of the study was clearly and explicitly outlined in the abstract section. The statement was clear and unpresumptuous. Additionally, it was supported by data on an understanding of the features of good nursing care for patients in ICU (Hov, 2007). The statement of interest was further developed in the introduction section where the authors acknowledge the conflicts that had occurred regarding this topic because of lack of specialty in a particular field. Methods In this section, I will provide my critique of the research methodology. Specifically, I will provide my analysis and interpretation of sampling and procedures used in data collection.The participants were chosen randomly from well-known nursing institutions in the region. They invited 37 nurses to participate (Hov, 2007). Similarly, they randomly chose 19 nurses as respondents. However, out of this, only 14 nurses participated. Findings The findings of the research are explicitly and clearly provided. The researchers mentioned findings of the study that support the aim and clarifies their interpretation of the topic (Flick, 2015). For example, they identified competence as one of the features that make up quality care for patients in ICU (AACN, 2015). Additionally, they provided the limitations and recommendations for further research on nurses communication through patients bodies. Rigor From my assessment, the study lacked a variety of rigor criteria. For example, regarding conformability, the study only mentioned feedback from the interview. There was no clear indication of the description of the timing and information provided by the respondents (Hov, 2007). Nonetheless, the study ensured transferability through the use of interviewing and questionnaire administration as a method of data collection. Also, the research ensured credibility through data collection processes, research questions, and provision of analysis of literature by other authors on the topic. Strengths One of the strong points of this study was its sampling technique. I found it convenient and containing low external validity. This is because it was participant selected (Hov, 2007). Thus, it was based on the latters convenience, schedule, willingness to talk about experiences and open. Similarly, the results section clearly depicted the findings of the research (Brock, 2013). The use of statistical diagrams like charts and bar-graphs provide an excellent visualization of the findings and connection to the interest of the study. Additionally, the researchers managed to exploit the aim of having a deepened understanding in features of nursing care for ICU patients through providing family members, nurse and patient perspectives. Weaknesses I realized that the writing of the methodology sections lacked clarity. Nevertheless, it helped in building a whole picture for the context of the study (Greenberg, 2012). Also, the research could not be considered fully representative because the participants were chosen based on criteria which excluded some nurses who may have been helpful to the credibility and transferability of the research. Missed Nursing Care This is a critique of a qualitative study on the quality of nursing care entitled: Missed Nursing Care. It was written by Beatrice Kalisch in 2006. The aim of the study was to investigate the reasons why nurses do not complete nursing care. One of the things I noted is that the title was quite ambiguous. Missed care can mean many things. Similarly, although the phenomenon being studied was clear, the author did not indicate the population concerned. Therefore, from the start, it was not clear who was being studied. The following is my critique of the qualitative study in terms of the statement of interest, methods, findings, rigor, strengths, and weaknesses. Statement of interest The aim of the study was explicitly indicated in the abstract section. This was accompanied by some background information on care in medical health institutions. The two research questions were indicated as well (Kalisch, 2006). However, the abstract was too short to provide sufficient information regarding the story. It contained 71 words. Abstracts should be between 100 and 200 words (Schreier, 2012). This range is enough to summarize the main points to be covered in the subsequent sections (NCP, 2012). Methods The research design, sample, processes, and data were clearly explained in the methodology section. The researcher used interviewing as the main method of data collection. Although acceptable, the research should have applied observation and group participation. According to the grounded theory, the exclusive use of interviews is discouraged to avoid bias and inflexibility (Creswell, 2013). Similarly, the procedures were clearly defined and recorded hence leaving no room for bias. Findings Kalisch frequently used quotes from the group interviews when describing her research findings. Various themes came out during data regarding the reasons why nurses cannot effectively perform their roles. By listing and discussing them, the author makes the research informing and diversified (Flink, 2013). Additionally, the themes and findings were put in a logical and organized way. This way, it was easier to understand what the findings implied regarding the research questions. Further, by providing interpretation and recommendations, the author shows how the study can be put to practice in daily lives. Rigor The main criteria used to determine rigor in research contains credibility, transferability, verifiability, and validity. The research was enhanced by two different researchers independently. Qualitative research analysis software assisted in eliminating implied views and opinions of the researcher. Also, the study outlines specific themes and criteria used to ensure that they were arrived at from the group interviews. However, the research did not provide coding of the interviews thus the transferability aspect of the study was compromised. Nevertheless, the research met the standards of rigor. Strengths The study had direct quotations from participants. It provided an insightful description of reasons why nurses in most healthcare institutions provide missed care. Also, from reviewing the article, it was clear that the researcher had a vast experience in the nursing field. This made the study credible (Schreier, 2012). Additionally, the author provided recommendations for further inquiry on the topic through providing a list of questions. Weaknesses Although the study was met most of the obligations in qualitative research, there were some aspects that should have been adhered to. For example, the grounded theory advises researchers to rely on various data collection methods to ensure validity. Being that this study relied only on group interviews, it is likely that some participants did withhold information for fear of victimization (Vertino, 2014). Nursing Pain Management in Cancer Patients This is a critique of a qualitative interview study by Gaard, Rustoen, and Wahl in 2009 entitled:Nursing pain management a qualitative interview study of patients with pain, hospitalized for cancer treatment. The research was done in an excellent way and through it, the reader gets to know about pain experience among cancer patients and how it could be managed by health personnel. Below is a critique of the qualitative research based on the statement of interest, methods, findings, rigor, strengths, and weaknesses. Statement of interest The purpose of the study is stated in the abstract section. This is accompanied by a brief description of background information onpain management in cancer patients (T Gaardsrud, 2009). This includes statistics on cover inpatients, outpatients, outpatients and those whose treatments were not feasible anymore (Andrews, 2016). Although the introduction provided sufficient information on the purpose, a large portion of literature was irrelevant to the research questions. Methods The following is an assessment of the research regarding sampling and research design. The study utilized a sample of cancer patients. The authors stated that this sample the population according to their convenience (T Gaardsrud, 2009). However, it is not clear how they came to arrive at the number of participants. To ensure that the participant had a pain problem, the study used medical chart review and inclusion outline (T Gaardsrud, 2009). This provided sufficiently for the selection method. Findings Tables were used to represent data in this section. Table 2provided demographic characteristics and numerical pain ratings collected from interviews (T Gaardsrud, 2009). Although the information on this table was relevant, to me, it did not have much weight on the findings of the research since it represented patients experience in one day. Nevertheless, the data analysis and interpretation section were clearly stated thus it provided pain relief themes with appropriate examples. Rigor The researcher reviewed content by other authors on this content. This helped in answering the research questions hence making the research credible. Similarly, the patients interviews were coded to ensure they can be retrieved for verifiability (Creswell, 2013). Similarly, the statistics on pain relief among cancer patients ensured that the study was transferable. Strengths This research by Gaardsurd and others was conducted and written in a way that provides a good flow. Also, they utilized methods that helped in attaining qualitative rigor. For example, in describing ways of achieving pain relief, the authors provided various themes and examples (T Gaardsrud, 2009). Similarly, the article was easy to understand due to an excellent presentation on pain factors. Weaknesses Admittedly, the research has achieved its aim of educating health practitioners onpain relief management among cancer patients. However, being that the study utilized only one interview makes it to lack verifiability. This aspect is essential in research. Also, there was an insufficient description of patients testimonies regarding pain. The good thing is that the researchers acknowledged this weakness. Thus, they recommended that the research should not be considered as guiding material for pain managers. References AACN. (2015, January 23). Health Reform: Put Patients First. Retrieved August 10, 2017, from American Association of Colleges of Nursing: https://www.aacn.edu/government-affairs Andrews, E. (2016, June 28). Stanford researchers develop new statistical test that shows racial profiling in police traffic stops. Retrieved December 6, 2016, from Stanford news: https://www.news.stanford.edu.com Babbie, E. (2015). The Practice of Social Research. Nelson Education . Brock, A. (2013). Building a model of early years professionalism from practitioners' perspectives. Journal of Early Childhood Research , 27-44. Creswell, J. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative , and mixed methods approach. Sage Publications . Dorgan, K. (2004). A Year in the life of an Elementary School: One School's experiences in Meeting new Mathematics Standards. Teachers College Records . Flick, U. (2015). Introducing Research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing research. Sage Publications. Flink, A. (2013). Conducting research literature reviews: from the Internet to paper. Sage Publications . Greenberg, J. (2012). A plea for methodological diversity. Journal of organizational behaviour , 22-30. Hov, A. E. (2007). Good nursing care to ICU patients on the edge of life. Intensive and Critical care , 331-341. Kalisch, B. (2006). Missed Nursing Care: A Qualitative Research. Journal of Nursing Care , 306-313. Lewis, S. (2015). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches . Health promotion practice , 473-475. NCP. (2012, May 20). Nursing care plan Dementia of Cardiac dysrhythmias. Retrieved August 10, 2017, from Care Planning-NCP-for nurses: https://www.nursingcareplan.org Schreier, M. (2012). Qualitative Content Analysis in Practice. Sage , 227-245. T Gaardsrud, M. L. (2009). Nursing painmanagement a qualitative interview study of patients with pain, hospitalized for cancer treatment. Pain Managemen Nursing , 47-55. Vertino, K. (2014). Effective Interpersonal Communication. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing , 5-10.

The Secret to Marketing to Millenials - The Writers For Hire

MARKETING TO MILLENNIALS I’ve been seeing this term more and more often – â€Å"The Millennials,† the new generation that’s replacing Gen X-ers. It seems a lot of companies are trying to rope in the support of this generation – desperately. What’s the big deal about the Millennials? Well, they’re the second largest generation group, over 70 million of them born between 1980 and 2000; the Baby Boomers are the only ones to beat them out with 77 million. And they’re representing a huge shift in the job market, the economy, and the American philosophical climate. What’s more: They’ve got ample spending money. So getting the attention of Millennials has become important to a lot of companies, and those companies are doing a little re-branding in the process. I’ve condensed a few marketing strategies here: it’s a little bit about who the Millennials are, what they want, and how to get the new golden generation to buy your product. Here we go: They’re Connected. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, YouTube, Pinterest – Millennials are the kings of social media. If you’re going to compete, you need to get your brand up and running on one of these sites. But don’t get too in-your-face: Millennials will shut you out if your marketing campaigns are too insistent or resemble spam. Be sure to read some of our other posts about effective blogging techniques and social media marketing plans. They’re selfish. Well, not exactly selfish, but they’ve been groomed to believe they’re the best. They’re awesome. This is the generation that grew up with self-esteem boosting curriculum in the classroom, multiculturalism, and very attentive parents. This means that your copy needs to be highly-targeted, outlining benefits and features that relate specifically to them and make them feel, well †¦ special. They’re selfless. Again, not exactly. But they don’t always need personal incentives to support or buy something: social incentives count. That’s how American Apparel – which is known for paying their garment workers a living wage, well above the industry norm, and has branded themselves as Sweatshop Free – is able to sell plain-colored T-shirts for $20+. If your product is environmentally friendly, makes donations to a charitable cause, or is somehow productive beyond the product’s actual value, Millennials will eat it all up, so be sure to highlight any of these attributes in your copy. They’re fun-loving. They are, in fact, one of the busiest generations ever, having grown up with action-packed schedules that continue into their adult lives. But they look for things that are fun, funny, out of the ordinary, and eye catching when they want to take a break from the daily grind. So don’t be afraid to break the mold and grab their attention. Even nostalgia counts when it comes to Millennials: for example, see Canadian Club’s â€Å"Damn Right Your Dad Drank It† campaign. Aesthetics count. Think about the sleek design that made the iPhone so popular. No more cluttered, messy, mismatched, or boring marketing materials for these guys – they want a high-quality product that looks cool, too. Make sure that your copy is well-integrated with design in order to really get their tails wagging. Want a little more reading to get to know the Millennials? Try starting here: Forbes: â€Å"6 Things to Know About Marketing to Millennials MR Report: Marketing to Millennials

Electrolux essays

Electrolux essays Nothing sucks like Electrolux. Most people get very surprised and somewhat interested in what it means when they see or hear this commercial slogan. To continue, this is a part of the popular advertisement of the vacuum-cleaner. The idea of this promotion is to tell consumers that no other appliance of this matter has more power or is better in effect than Electrolux. Moreover, this is a truly eye-catching device and a good market strategy that works for the company and opens new doors to its agents. However, every consumer needs to know a little more about the product than just what is seen on TV to be sure that he or she really wants to purchase it. That is why a logical question arises in a persons mind: Where and how to find out what the truth is. When one refers to the official company sources or web-sites, it can be clearly seen that this particular organization (Electrolux) is growing, developing, and expanding to the new international levels. First, a person gets impression that things are going great for the company and it has to mean that the basis for its success is the quality vacuum-cleaners and other items produced by Electrolux. After analyzing the above data one starts thinking that Electroluxs advertising is, probably, true and that its product is efficient and reliable. To continue, such thinking is reasonable because it is based on a real ground, which is the companys success... Nonetheless, the fact that overall the organization is performing well doesnt necessarily mean that the product is truthfully represented and its advertising is not biased. It is crucial to understand that the company tells its customers not the real information but the one that people want to hear, because the ultimate goal is to raise the sales. And, as a result, the tricky message is as follows: You like the power; well give you one. Nothing sucks like Electrolux&q...

Part time jobs Your ultimate guide to getting started

Part time jobs Your ultimate guide to getting started Here at TheJobNetwork, we focus a lot of time and attention on your search for a full-time job on a set career path. But sometimes the job you’re seeking, by necessity or by choice, is a shorter-term proposition. So we’ve got you covered there, too! If you’re looking for part-time opportunities as a side hustle or a flexible option so you can balance your work with other aspects of your life, we’ve got all the info you’ll need. Decide the type of job you want to get.For part-time jobs, you often need to start with a very specific idea of what you want- like a night job, a work-from-home job, or a side hustle. Your job search will really be focused and refined by your own goals and needs, so the first step is figuring out what kind of job you want. Are you cool with retail or food service, or does the idea of serving the general public give you hives? Do you want a night job so you can be home when the kids head off to school in the morning? There ar e lots of part-time opportunities out there, so it’s important to figure out which ones might work best for your needs and your schedule before we even get to things like applications and resumes.Everything You Need to Know About Having a Part-Time JobThe Best Part Time Jobs for Every Education Level7 Places to Look for Part-Time JobsSide Hustle: How to Make Money on the SideFind the job that fits in with your lifestyle.Are you a night owl? Whether you’re a vampire or just a night person, many part-time jobs call for late-night or overnight hours. If you think your lifestyle can accommodate a non-conventional schedule, you might want to consider looking at jobs catering to the night crowd.15 Great Part-Time Jobs for Night Owls10 Jobs Where You Can Work OvernightIf you’re a student and want to balance your job with a busy course load, a part-time job can help you pay the bills while you’re working on your studies.5 Great Part-Time Jobs for College Students Many part-time job seekers are parents looking for a way to balance work with home obligations. Not only do you need a gig that pays the bills, but it also has to be as flexible as possible and hopefully come with perks that help your family.Best Part-Time Jobs for Moms in 2017Top 12 High-Paying Part-Time Jobs with Good Work-Life Balance10 Companies That Offer Part-Time Jobs with BenefitsAnd while most of those â€Å"earn thousands of dollars every day working from home!† ads online are very often scams, there are also plenty of legit opportunities for people who want or need to work remotely.What Are Some Part-Time Jobs You Can Do from Home?7 Work from Home Jobs You NEED to AvoidMake big bucks while working part time.When thinking about a part-time gig, money is also going to be a concern. If you’re looking to maximize the dollar-to-hour ratio for your part-time job, there are some great options out there.These Part-Time Jobs Can Earn You $75K a Year9 Part-Time Jobs T hat Pay Very Well10 Highest Paying Part-Time Jobs15 Part-Time Jobs That Pay More Than $40 Per Hour (And How to Get Them)21 Part-Time Jobs That Pay More Than $20 An HourYou Can Make at Least $20/Hour at These 10 Part-Time JobsDesign a professional resume that gets you noticed.Part-time jobs are often different from traditional full-time jobs- and the hiring process may be different too. But one thing doesn’t change: your resume needs to be rock solid. We’ve got the resume basics that apply no matter what kind of job you’re seeking.10 Things You Should Remove From Your Resume in 2017Resume Format Guide: What Your Resume Should Look Like in 20178 Warning Signs You Need to Update Your ResumeWhat Is the Best Format for a Resume?11 Steps to Writing the Perfect ResumeHow to Create a Resume Packed with Action WordsAce the interview process.The interview might be a little different from the routine, though. Part-time job interviews may not require you to put on a suit an d show up at an office- you might be asked to interview remotely, or in a more casual setting. Either way, it’s important to have the basics ready to go: a put-together interview look, strong body language, and anticipation of different kinds of questions.6 Part Time Job Interview Strategies You Must KnowAsk These 10 Questions to Impress Your Hiring ManagerThe Most Popular Macy’s Interview QuestionsHow to Look Like a Star in Any Job InterviewHow to Prepare for a Remote InterviewTurn part-time into full-time.After you’ve got your part-time job, it may be a stepping stone to a full-time gig. For that, you’ll need to strategize on how to make that jump.10 Ways to Turn Your Part-Time Job into a Full-Time One10 Tips for Turning Your Contract Job into a Permanent OneNo matter what your reasons may be for looking for a part-time job, we want to help you find (and get!) the right one for your skills, goals, and lifestyle. Good luck!

Examine the difficulties involved in making international GDP per head Essay

Examine the difficulties involved in making international GDP per head comparisons - Essay Example Substitute goods share similar type of effect on their demand and price (Sloman, Hinde and Garratt, 2010). For example, some countries use GDP per head while others use Gross National Product (GNP) per head. Within the economics context, both measures are used alternatively. Consequently, it will be very difficult to compare two economies in which one uses GDP per head while other employs GNP per head. Additionally, expenditure sources also hinder the process of carrying out an effective international GDP per head comparison. Many developed countries make expenditure on health, education and technology. On the other hand, developing countries prefer to spend on defence, security and other non-development sectors of economy. As a result, such difference also disallows a reasonable comparison between per head GDP of two international countries. Moreover, cost of living, particularly inflation, also makes it difficult to compare per head GDP of two countries. For example, Norway is known as the most expensive country because the rate of government taxes is considerably higher. On the other hand, small taxes are given in

Children and Homelessness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Children and Homelessness - Essay Example For those infants that get born to a family in a state of homelessness, they may be affected by low birth weights, and this increase chance of premature death. Such a child may also fail to be immunized due to reduced healthcare access. According to Reynalds (2009), there are about 50 million children in the United States who may be said to be homeless. The author further asserts that in a majority of the states, plans that seek to cater for the plight of these homeless children appears to be quite inadequate. Homelessness has been said to come about due to a multitude of other issues that entails the abuse of drugs by a parent, alcohol, domestic violence, or even mental illness. As Raynald (2009) has noted, chances of a homeless child experiencing hunger are twice those of a child who is not faced with a similar situation. Compared to children from stable homes, their homeless counterparts have been shown to have a twelve fold likelihood of getting enrolled to foster care. Homelessness has been defined as "the condition and social category of people who lack housing, because they cannot afford (pay for), or are otherwise unable (Or uninterested) to maintain, regular, safe, and adequate shelter" (Levinson 2004). In addition, the term could also take into account individuals who often reside at a shelter for the homeless. Moreover, individual that have been housed in a given residence pending institutionalization may also be categorized as being homeless. The definition also takes into account individual that are living in a private or public place, and which has not been recognized as being "a regular sleeping accommodation for human beings" (Polakow & Cindy 2001). The Urban Development and Housing Department of the United States (HUD), has issued a definition for persons that may be considered as being "chronically homeless". According to the definition by HUD, an individual who is chronically homeless is one who may be afflicted with a condition that is disabling, has had the status of being homeless for over a period of one year, or one who has experienced that status of a homeless individual in at least four incidents for the last three years (Rollinson & Pardeck 2006). What happens when young people become homeless Young homeless children are more likely to be living apart from their parents. In an instance whereby a young child gets detached from its parents, and especially the mother the ensuing negative effects that they experience may be quite long-term this is especially critical, if the separation takes place at the formative stage of childhood development ( that is between one and five years). For the pre-school children, the status of being homeless may very well result in the developmental delays those children demonstrates. As Allen (2004) has noted, close to 75 percent of the homeless children who are below the age of five years exhibits at the very list a significant deviant developmental-wise, especially with regard to speech or impulsivity. Furthermore, homeless children have a higher likelihood of being afflicted with emotional problems. By and large, children who are homeless have a tendency to not only cry at the slightest provocation, they also papers to overreact should they

Learning process in behaviour Essay Example for Free

Learning process in behaviour Essay Learning is a permanent change in behaviour caused by experience. The learner does not need to have the experience directly; we can also learn by observing others . It is an ongoing process. Our knowledge of the world is continually being revised as we are exposed to new stimuli and receiving ongoing feedback that allows us to modify our behaviour when we find ourselves in a similar position again Psychologists who have studied learning have developed advanced therories on the process of learning. Here we will discuss the two major approaches to learning; instrumental and classical conditioning. Classical Conditioning It occurs when a stimulus that elicits a response is paired with another stimulus that initially does not elicit a response on its own. A Russian physiologist , Pavlov introduced classically conditioned learning by pairing a neutral stimulus ( a bell ) with a stimulus known to cause a salivation to dogs ( he squirted dry meat powder). The powder was an unconditioned stimulus because it was capable of causing the response. Over time, the dog has learned to associate the bell with its meat powder and begin to salivate at the sound of the bell only. The drooling of these canine consumers because of a sound now has a linked to feeding time, was a conditioned response ( CR ). This basic of classical conditioning applies to responses controlled by the autonomic and nervous systems. When these cues are consistently paired with a conditioned stimuli such as brand names, we as consumers may feel hungry, thirsty or aroused when later exposed to brand cues. Conditioning effects are more likely to occur after the (CS) conditioned and  unconditioned ( UCS ) stimuli have been paired a number of times. Repeated exposures increases the strength of stimulus-response associations and prevent the decay of these associations in memory. Many marketing strategies focus on the establishment of associations between stimuli and responses. Behavioural learning principal applies to many consumer phenomena, ranging from the creation of a distinctive brand image to the perceived linkage between a product and an underlying need. The transfer of meaning from an unconditioned stiulus to a conditioned stimulus explains why made-up brands like Marlboro, Coca-Cola or IBM can exert such powerful effects on consumers. Operant conditioning Over the years behaviourist have carried out operant principals out of the narrow world of the skinner box and into the wider room of society. The use of the operant techniques to help people change unwanted, dangerous, or self-defeating habits in real world settings is called behaviour modification ( applied behaviour analysis ) Behaviour modification has had enormous success, behaviorist have taught parents to toilet train their children in only a few sessions etc. as you can see from everyday world behaviour modificaton is not a science but an art. Operant Conditioning : process of applying the law of effect to control behaviour by manipulating its consequences. Law of effect: behaviour followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated; behaviour followed by unpleasant consequences is not 4 basic reinforcement strategies is use in operant conditioning; positive reinforcement -negative reinforcement -punishment -extinction Positive reinforcement : the process by which people learn to perform acts leading to such desirable outcomes. Whatever behaviour led to the positive outcome is likely to occur again, thereby strengthening that behaviour by making a pleasant consequences contingent onto its occurrence. Negative reinforcement: Negative reinforcement is the process by which people learn to perform acts that lead to removal of undesired events or unpleasant consequence contingent onto its occurrence. Punishment: administrating of negative consequences or withdrawal of positive consequences that tend to reduce the likelihood of repeating the behaviour in similar settings Extinction: ceasation of previously established reinforcer that is maintaining a behaviour by removal of a pleasant consequence of its occurrence. Positive reinforcement can take many forms. One of the strongest is praise and recognition for the good work. It is good rewards management. It shifts the emphasis and energy of the manger towards a larger number of employees, rather than focus all the attention and time on poorer employees. If done correctly it can make all but the worst employees feel that the organization recognizes and appreciates their effort and contributions. If the desired behaviour is specific in nature and is difficult to achieve , a pattern if positive reinforcement called shaping can be used. Shaping is the creation of a new behaviour by the positive reinforcement of successive approximations leading to the desired behaviour. Negative reinforcement governs a good deal of our behaviour. Some people do  think that it is a reasonable way to manage people at work that is, employees who engage in undesirable behaviour should expect something to happen to them. But there are some difficulties with this approach. First it creates a tens environment ( difficult to work everyday where the main motivation is to prevent unpleasant outcomes ) secondly, relationships often deteriorates when superiors represent a constant threat to be avoided. There can be adverse side effects in using punishment. An action intended to punish may instead be reinforcing because it brings attention -the recepient of punishment often responds with anxiety ,fear or rage -the effectiveness of punishment is often temporay, depending heavily on the presense of the punishing person or circumstances -most misbehaviours is hard to punish immediately thus resutingin the reinforcement of the undesired behaviour -punishment conveys little info Extinction is important and quite commonly used. This strategy decreases the frequency of or weakens the behaviour . The behaviour is not unlearned; it simply is not exhibited. Since the behaviour is no longer reinforced, it will reappear when it is reinforced again. Whereas positive reinforcement seeks to establish and maintain desirable work behaviour, extinction on the other hand is intended to weaken and eliminate the undesirable behaviour Law of contingent reinforcement states for reward to have the maximum reinforcing value ; it must be delivered only if the desired behaviour is exhibited . Secondly, the law of immediate reinforcement states , the more immediate the delivery of a reward after the occurence of a desirable behaviour, the greater the reinforcing value of the reward. Timing of postiove reinforcement; a) the continuous reiforcemnt schedule administers a reqrd each tie a desired behaviour occurs b) b) an intermittent or patila reinforcement schedule rewars a behaviour only periodically. 4 varieties of partial reinforcement schedule a) Fixed interval schedules b)Variable interval schedules c)Fixed ratio schedules c) Variable ratio schedules In general , a mange can expect that the continuous reinforcement will draw a desired behaviour more quickly than will intermittent reinforcement Steps in positive reinforcement program; @identify specific behaviour that are to be changed; must be accurate and reliably observed and then recorded. Behaviour should be measurable and observable. @ determine the links between the target behaviour, its consequences and stimulus condition leading to the beaviour) @develop and set specific behaviour goals for each person and target behaviours @recording process toward the goal @apply appropriate consequences; rewards, punsihmnets,extinction

Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates in AFrican Americans Essay

Cancer Incidence and Mortality of African Americans in Texas Cancer is a large classification of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Undetected and uncontrolled, it can ultimately result in death. Causes of cancer can be categorized into three factors: external (chemicals, tobacco smoke, radiation, viruses), internal (hormones, immune conditions, genetics) and lifestyle (tobacco and alcohol use, unprotected sun exposure, poor nutrition, physical inactivity). Many cancers can be cured if detected and treated promptly, and many others prevented by lifestyle changes. In 2004, it was estimated that more than 1.3 million people in the United States would be diagnosed with cancer. In Texas alone, it was estimated that approximately 85,000 individuals will be diagnosed with cancer in 2004, and another 37,000 will die from the disease (Table 1). Four cancer sites account for more than half of the cancer that affect Texans, lining up with the national incidences and mortality sites. These include lung and bronchus, colorectal, breast (female), and prostate cancer. Together these four sites account for approximately 41,900 new cases of cancer diagnosed and 16,900 cancer deaths in Texans. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States and is expected to become the leading cause of death within the next decade. Cancer also is the second leading cause of death in Texas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While cancer affects all people, studies have shown that this disease does not subscribe to â€Å"equal opportunity† mandates; varied distributions appear when cases are tallied by gender, age, race and economic groups, usually to the disadvantage of the minority in each instance. In Texas, African American men are diagnosed with cancer in higher numbers in comparison to their Non-Hispanic White and Hispanic counterparts. The mortality rates are 1.5 times greater than Non-Hispanic Whites and 2.0 times more than Hispanic males in Texas for the top five sites (larynx, prostate, stomach, myeloma and oral cavity.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many factors that contribute to the increased cancer risk that African American men and women sustain. Three to be discussed further will be economic, social, and cultural. All three on their own are significant enough to separate the African American population by percenta... ...Pla has treated individuals for eating disorders and has noted that her white patients were more concerned with thinness, where her black patients were more eating and binging to feel better.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While health organizations are focusing their campaigns on the convenience and importance of cancer screening procedures, the African American population is still disproportionately suffering from cancer incidence and mortality. Not until early detection is common place will the numbers change, especially with the African American elderly population expected to increase by 160% over the next quarter of a century. Works Sited Texas: Cancer Facts & Figures 2004- American Cancer Society, Texas Division, 2004 Texas Department of Health, Cancer Registry Division. Average Annual Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates, Age-Adjusted (2000 U.S. population). 26 March 2005 National Cancer Institute. Cancer Health Disparities: Fact Sheet. April 21, 2002. 21 March 2005. http://www.nci.nih.gov/newscenter/healthdisparities United Way of the Texas Gulf Coast. Senior Reference Guide:Older African-Americans . 26 March 2005. http://www.unitedwayhouston.org/looking/sr_17b.html

A Newsletter About Solutions and Creating Exceptional Value Essay

High Impact Projects A Newsletter About Solutions and Creating Exceptional Value Software Company Narrows Focus from 1 Million Prospects to 40 – Closes 30 Sales in First Year! After 3 Years of Revenues Less than $2 Million, Sales Soar to $75 Million in 4 Years! Systems Produce Paybacks for Clients of more than 10-to-1 Stopped Trying to Sell to Information Technology Department – Found Line Executives With An Urgent Need to Buy CEO Found a Way to Reduce Risk and Capture Financial Upside A Repeatable Pattern Emerges Compiled by Tom Ingram, PMPi Before Jeff Miller took over as CEO, Documentum had suffered three years of flat revenues, never exceeding $2 million per year. After Miller took over, the next year’s sales increased to $8 million, followed by $25 million, $45 million, $75 million and an IPO in subsequent years. Granted, these were the boom years – but this success story carries some essential lessons which I have seen work in several other settings over the years. Below is a summary of these key lessons from several sources, including a Harvard Business School case study. None of this is easy. Documentum went through a period when it was burning $1 million per quarter, with only $4 million in cash reserve, and only two new customers. Success in the intangible, â€Å"black magic† world of software is difficult, and my hope is that you can take some useful lessons away from this summary. Following are some of the things that worked for them. Narrowed Their Focus from â€Å"everyone in the world that touches complex documents† to a â€Å"rifle shot.† Documentum chose to focus initially on the regulatory affairs departments of Fortune 500 pharmaceutical companies. This narrowed their universe of prospects from some 500,000 to only 40 companies worldwide. Urgent Need to Buy: Documentum was able to identify buyers in extreme pain due to the regulatory paperwork requirements for submitting new drugs for approval. They focused on finding prospects that were in a situation where (1) regulatory requirements created much pain, (2) prospects demanded a solution and (3) the solution could represent a significant competitive advantage. Documentum closed 30 out of 40 initial target prospects in the first year! Help for Struggling Software Companies tom@tomingraminc.com 972-394-5736 Newsletter #25 July 2004 Page 1 TOM INGRAM & ASSOCIATES, Inc. Huge Payback for Customer Every day that was saved in drug approval application time resulted in a $1 million incremental profit for Documentum’s clients. The system reduced drug approval application time from 1 year to approximately six months. Average profit per day of $1 million times 128 days saved = $128 million in incremental profits per drug application. A typical system might cost $4 Million – Resulting in a 32-fold Payback! Target Buyer: Documentum discovered that their target buyer was not the Information Technology (IT) department! IT departments are often happy with the status quo – while line executives are not. They also discovered that executives and department managers were really the ones that drove the priorities for IT. Documentum stopped trying to sell to IT department buyers and focused on line executives with a problem and a budget. I will add that I have seen this to be true in dozens, if not hundreds, of instances in my 24 years in the technology and software business. The boom times of the ‘90s were a slight exception to this rule. The IT department was buying a great deal, and companies got used to   selling to the IT department. When reality came crashing down upon us, and the techbubble burst in the early 2000’s, this aberration disappeared. I will note that this is an   extremely difficult shift for companies to make because their sales force, including sales executives, and even the CEO, often have experience only selling to the IT department – they have no skills, credibility or capacity to sell to line executives. Picking the Initial Target Niche: One of the key issues in picking the initial target niche is the size of payback to the customer. By focusing on the area which your customer has the greatest payback, they have the most to gain economically from purchasing from you quickly. Assuming you can consistently deliver this payback, it is much easier to get Niche 2, Niche 3 and Niche 4 going after you have a strong set of happy customers behind you. Subsequent Niches: After Documentum’s initial success in the regulatory affairs department, they spread to other niches in every department within pharmaceutical companies. (regulated chemicals, oil refineries, etc.) This included a big win in the document management area for oil and gas exploration and production companies, where Documentum helped them manage the property/lease/royalty paperwork. This approach is often called the bowling pin model, because you set up the initial niche as a â€Å"headpin†, knock it down and that makes it substantially easier to â€Å"knock down the following pins†. This approach also helps you keep a controlled risk (or cash burn rate) by requiring the software company to demonstrate that it can find and close customers with an urgent need to buy, one niche at a time. Changes to Software Product Offered: Note that Documentum had the discipline to stay focused on the needs of very tightly defined sets of customers. They started in the regulatory affairs departments of pharmaceutical companies, and slowly spread, niche-by-niche (bowling pin-by-bowling pin)   to other departments and other industries. It is critical to recognize that Documentum invested its precious cash in software product enhancements only for these customers. The Harvard Business Review Case highlights a particular situation where Documentum declined a $2 million order because it would have required them to make Help for Struggling Software Companies tom@tomingraminc.com 972-394-5736 Newsletter #25 July 2004

Non Verbal

I have sent the following communication to my professionals through a observe and shown on the observe board: â€Å"Coming Second Weekend to complete our objectives or the month a evaluation conference is organized and all should be present at. If any professional Is not able to be present at should find out the material of the conference from their colleagues without fall†. But my communication went wrong and out of 10 professionals, only three professionals have joined at 4. 0 PM who checked-in with me plenty of duration of the conference. Following were the limitations of communication which was standing in the way of my communication: The â€Å"Channel† I have selected communication by â€Å"Receivers† did not make sure the invoice of the communication was missing the â€Å"Chronological context† The second Weekend being a non working day. The communication has designed a â€Å"Psychological noise† by not referring to perfect duration of the con ference and misunderstandings have been designed.The â€Å"social context† also is one of the causes for the failing of the communication as I have not taken all my professionals into assured by providing any enhance information or a objective of the conference previously. Lessons learned in order to get over these limitations of communication: My communication was uncertain by not providing actual duration of conference. The press I have used Is he putting the observe on the observe panel, Instead had I distributed to all the devices and acquired their signatures by asking their accessibility or reviews my communication would not didn't work.I have selected a wrong day a holiday though the process was a schedule one. I could have managed good interaction with my professionals for success of my communication. Overcome the communication limitations when you deliver a concept, you plan to connect significance, but the concept Itself does not contain significance. The significan ce prevails In your thoughts and In the brain of your recipient. To comprehend one another, you and our recipient must discuss similar explanations for terms, actions, style, and other signs. . Variations In perception The globe regularly bombards us with Information: attractions, appears to be, fragrances, and so on. Our thoughts arrange this flow of feeling Into a psychological map that symbolizes our knowing or truth. In no case is the knowing of a certain individual the same as the globe itself, and no two charts are similar. As you perspective the globe, your thoughts takes up your encounters in a exclusive and personal way.Because your views are exclusive, the concepts you want to show vary room other Individuals' Even when two individuals have knowledgeable the same occasion, their psychological pictures of that occasion will not be similar. As senders, the most appropriate and common, a process known as particular knowing. As devices, we try to fit new information into our c urrent design. If a details does not quite fit, we are more likely to change the important points rather than change the design. 2.Incorrect filtering Filtering is testing out before a concept is approved on to someone else. In business, the filtration between you and your recipient are many; staff, staff, receptionists, espousing to devices, etc. Those same gatekeepers may also translate' your receiver's concepts and reactions before moving them on to you. To get over filtration limitations, try to set up more than one communication route, remove as many intermediaries as possible, and reduce distortions by condensing concept information to the simple requirements. . Terminology problems When you select the terms for your concept, you indication that you are a participant of a particular lifestyle or sub-culture and that you know the rule. The characteristics of your rule enforce its own limitations on your concept. Barriers also are available because terms can be considered in mor e than one way. Terminology is an irrelevant rule that relies on distributed explanations, but there happens to be restrict to how completely any of us discuss the same significance for a given term.To get over language limitations, use the most specific and precise terms possible. Always try to use terms your viewers will comprehend. Increase the precision of your information by using language that explains rather than analyze and by introducing visible information, activities, and conditions. 4. Inadequate listening Perhaps the most common hurdle to wedding celebration is merely a lack of interest on the receiver's part. We all let our thoughts walk now and then, regardless of how hard we try to concentrate.Everyone is basically likely to get to sleep when they are compelled to pay attention to information that is obscure or that has little immediate keeping on their own lifestyles. Too few of us basically do not pay interest well! To get over limitations, paraphrase what you have recognized, try to perspective the problem through the sight of other sound system and avoid moving to results. Explain significance by asking non-threatening questions, and pay interest without disturbing. 5.Varying psychological states Every concept contains both a content significance, which offers with the topic of the concept, and a connection significance, which indicates the characteristics of the interaction between e-mailer and recipient. Connections can break down when the recipient responds adversely to either of these explanations. You may have to deal with individuals when they are disappointed or when you are. An disappointed individual tends to neglect or change what the other individual is saying and is often incapable to present feelings and concepts successfully.This is not to say that you should prevent all communication when you are psychologically engaged, but you should be mindful of the higher prospective for misconception that comes with turned on feelings. To get over psychological limitations, be aware of the feelings that occur in yourself and in others as you connect, and make an effort to control them. Most essential, be mindful of the higher prospective for misconception that comes Differences in qualifications can be one of the toughest communication limitations to get over.Age, knowledge, sex, social position, financial position, social qualifications, disposition, health, elegance, reputation, religious beliefs, governmental perception, even a moving feelings can all individual one individual from another and make knowing challenging. To get over the limitations associated with differing background scenes, prevent predicting your own qualifications or lifestyle onto others. Explain your own and comprehend the qualifications of others, areas of knowledge, individualistic and views and do not believe that certain actions mean the same thing to everyone.

pH, pKa, and the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

pH, pKa, and the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation The  pH  is  a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. pKa (acid dissociation constant) is related, but more specific, in that it helps you predict what a molecule will do at a specific pH. Essentially, pKa tells you what the pH needs to be in order for a chemical species to donate or accept a proton. The  Henderson-Hasselbalch equation describes the relationship between pH and pKa. pH and pKa Once you have pH or pKa values, you know certain things about a solution and how it compares with other solutions: The lower the pH, the higher the concentration of hydrogen ions, [H]. The lower the pKa, the stronger the acid and the greater its ability to donate protons.pH depends on the concentration of the solution. This is important because it means a weak acid could actually have a lower pH than a diluted strong acid. For example, concentrated vinegar (acetic acid, which is a weak acid) could have a lower pH than a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid (a strong acid). On the other hand, the pKa value is a constant for each type of molecule. It is unaffected by concentration.Even a chemical ordinarily considered a base can have a pKa value because the terms acids and bases simply refer to whether a species will give up protons (acid) or remove them (base). For example, if you have a base Y with a pKa of 13, it will accept protons and form YH, but when the pH exceeds 13, YH will be deprotonated and become Y. Because Y removes protons at a pH greater than the pH of neutral water (7), it is cons idered a base. Relating pH and pKa With the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation If you know either pH or pKa you can solve for the other value using an approximation called the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH pKa   log ([conjugate base]/[weak acid])pH pkalog ([A-]/[HA]) pH is the sum of the pKa value and the log of the concentration of the conjugate base divided by the concentration of the weak acid. At half the equivalence point: pH pKa Its worth noting sometimes this equation is written for the Ka value rather than pKa, so you should know the relationship:   pKa -logKa Assumptions That Are Made for the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation The reason the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is an approximation is because it takes water chemistry out of the equation. This works when water is the solvent and is present in a very large proportion to the [H] and acid/conjugate base. You shouldnt try to apply the approximation for concentrated solutions. Use the approximation only when the following conditions are met: −1  Ã‚  log ([A−]/[HA])  Ã‚  1Molarity of buffers should be 100x greater than that of the acid ionization constant Ka.Only use strong acids or strong bases if the pKa values fall between 5 and 9. Example pKa and pH Problem Find [H] for a solution of 0.225 M NaNO2 and 1.0 M HNO2. The Ka value (from a table) of HNO2 is 5.6 x 10-4. pKa  Ã‚  Ã¢Ë†â€™log  Ka  Ã‚  Ã¢Ë†â€™log(7.4Ãâ€"10−4)  Ã‚  3.14 pH pka log ([A-]/[HA]) pH  Ã‚  pKa  Ã‚  log([NO2-]/[HNO2]) pH  Ã‚  3.14  Ã‚  log(1/0.225) pH  Ã‚  3.14  Ã‚  0.648  Ã‚  3.788 [H]  Ã‚  10−pH  Ã‚  10−3.788  Ã‚  1.6Ãâ€"10−4 pH, pKa, and Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation Key Takeaways The pka is the pH value at which a chemical species will accept or donate a proton.The lower the pKa, the stronger the acid and the greater the ability to donate a proton in aqueous solution.The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation relates pKa and pH. However, it is only an approximation and should not be used for concentrated solutions or for extremely low pH acids or high pH bases. Sources de Levie, Robert. (2003). The Henderson–Hasselbalch Equation: Its History and Limitations. J. Chem. Educ. 80 (2): 146. doi:10.1021/ed080p146Hasselbalch, K. A. (1917). Die Berechnung der Wasserstoffzahl des Blutes aus der freien und gebundenen Kohlensure desselben, und die Sauerstoffbindung des Blutes als Funktion der Wasserstoffzahl. Biochemische Zeitschrift. 78: 112–144.Lawrence J. Henderson (1 May 1908). Concerning the relationship between the strength of acids and their capacity to preserve neutrality (Abstract). Am. J. Physiol. 21 (4): 173–179.Po, Henry N.; Senozan, N. M. (2001). Henderson–Hasselbalch Equation: Its History and Limitations. J. Chem. Educ. 78 (11): 1499–1503. doi:10.1021/ed078p1499

Causes And Effects Of Brain Drain In Economics

Causes And Effects Of Brain Drain In Economics Introduction: According to a definition, ‘Brain Drain’, academically also known as the â€Å"human capital flight† is the large scale migration of highly educated, skilled and talented people of less economically advanced countries to highly rich and developed countries of the world due to conflicted issues, political instability and lack of opportunities in the developing countries. Globally, relocation of intellectuals is as old as mankind. This terminology of Brain Drain originated in 1960, when most of the intellectuals like scientists and engineers who were the real assets or the future of any country, emigrated from United Kingdom to America. The unsolved issue of Brain Drain is happening all over the world for the sake of better working conditions including, the island nations of the Caribbean, the anterior colonies of Africa and mostly in federal economies like the Soviet Union previous Eastern Germany, where aptitudes were not monetarily salaried. This p henomena was not as severe till 1960’s but with the huge capacity lopsidedly migrate to West Germany and North America from less developed regions. Substantial exoduses of skilled people were apparent at altered epochs of the economic growth of the countries of Europe and North America. However, with the progress in science and technological fields, only the intellectuals and highly qualified brains was of extraordinary mandate in highly developed countries. With the deficit in the core stream, the developed countries had to be dependent on the LDC’s. Professionals migrated from developing countries to three Developing countries (USA, Canada and United Kingdom) in 1960’s and by 1970’s, the figure had mounted. If one were to investigate statistics of all Developed Countries, the records would be alarming. This drift has continued in Africa and loss of huge qualified manpower is happen immigrations to Europe and North America annually. The questions that is arise in the social, political, economic, academic and probably in every sector of developing world. According to question the phenomena happened there are countless questions, but I want to explain the main attractions towards the developed world and why do talented and outstanding brains leave their countries? What are the costs of such migrations paid by developing countries? What policies can be implemented to stem such movements from LDCs to DCs? The goal of this paper is to highlight the unsolved, conflicted issue of Brain Drain and the Scientific Diaspora and the cause and effect relationship in the global knowledge based societies and also to address the cancerous disease directing the developing countries to failure. I will highlight some major questions, giving some suggestions which help to make policies to fade the disparities and the exploitation of skilled and semi-skilled labour in the developed world who themselves benefited to create the legislative crime of Brain drain and to hijack the rights of Cos in the shape of Scientific diaspora communities. How and when Brain Drain happens and intensifies Since the beginning of 1960s, the phenomena of brain drain became a highlighted and critical issue. With the neo-liberal economy and the tsunami wave of globalization has given a golden chance to the opportunists and played a vital role towards better and quality life including all accessories in every sphere of life. Globalization has opened a window for the human capital to agglomerate and mobilize where the brain extract and yet best recognized and rewarded in the highly economically strong and advanced countries.

Maritime Security Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Maritime Security Studies - Essay Example This paper shall be discussed based on expert opinions by theorists and practitioners in the international and political arena. This study is being carried out with the hope of establishing a clear and comprehensive understanding of the subject matter, as it applies in the contemporary context. This study sets forth that marine terrorism in its most general context is not on the decline. However, the international community has consistently established better ways of dealing with marine terrorism. For which reason, marine terrorists have not been getting away with their activities as they have in the past. This has not stopped them however in perpetuating their terrorist activities. The Working Group of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific has set forth the most complete definition for marine terrorism. They set forth that marine terrorism is â€Å"the undertaking of terrorist acts and activities within the maritime environment, using or against vessels or fixed platforms at sea or port, or against any of their passengers or personnel, against coastal facilities or settlements, including tourist resorts, port areas and port towns or cities† (as cited by Marine Terrorism Research Center, 2011). In addition, it is also defined as the â€Å"use of threat or violence against a ship, its passengers or sailors, a port facility, or if the purpose of solely a platform for political ends† (Marine Terrorism Research Center, 2011). It is an act which is based on political ideals and goals. Various acts of maritime terrorism have been seen in different parts of the globe. Off the coast of Somalia, acts of piracy have increased the cost of transporting goods in the Gulf of Aden (Shortland and Vothknecht, 2011). A greater issue in the Gulf of Aden however is that of international security and regional stability as Somali piracy might be used to transport weapons or

Major essay Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Major essay - Term Paper Example He is essentially good, nut he, or his ancestors, have broken a moral law – a law of the gods or the state. Shakespeare’s versatility is expressed through his great works which both involved tragedies and comedies. These included his finest comedies such as Much Ado about Nothing, Twelfth Night and As You like It; his great Roman historical plays such as Julius Caesar and Anthony and Cleopatra; and the tragedies Hamlet, Macbeth and Othello. In his tragedies, specifically Othello, end in the protagonist being overcome by forces which he opposed or tried to oppose. The protagonist or the tragic hero is a member of the royalty, or occupies a noble position, who has admirable personal qualities. The tragic hero is essentially good, but he, or his ancestors, has broken a moral law – a law of the gods or the state. In this Shakespeare play, we see the tragic hero struggling to avoid the consequences of transgression, but readers will know that his eventual defeat is inevitable, that he cannot avoid the punishment that will come as a consequence of what he has done. The tragic hero has a fatal defect, a â€Å"tragic flaw† which also leads to his downfall. Shakespeare’s Macbeth is excessively ambitious. The â€Å"flaw† in his character impels the tragic hero into actions which bring about his destruction. Although tragedy leaves readers with a sense of loss because the hero in Shakespeare’s plays have shown the readers how noble and good they are and yet have been destroyed or defeated, readers feel a certain kind of satisfaction because they have demonstrated the value of human nature and have shown readers how noble and great a man can be. Readers feel proud of such a man as the tragic hero, readers also feel humbled by the thought that they may not be able to be as heroic as the he was. Despite commercial consideration and censorship, the achievements of early

2 to 3 page Bible College Administrative Report to be done in APA Essay

2 to 3 page Bible College Administrative Report to be done in APA Format - Essay Example Although established only in 1992, it has a combined instructional history of 130 years (Rocky Mountain College, 2009a, p. 5). RMC offers 2 one-year certificates on Christian Discipleship, 3 two-year diplomas (Christian Leadership, Global Studies & Theatre Arts), a three-year degree on Religious Studies, and 4 four-year degree programs on Human Services, Leadership Development, Music & Theology (Rocky Mountain College, 2009a, p. 22). Founded in 1992 through the cooperation of Lithuanian, Canadian and American foundations, LCC is based in Klaipeda, Lithuania. Its aim is to produce Christian professionals who will actively participate in community projects (LCC, 2009a). LCC offers four undergraduate courses (Business Administration, English Language and Literature, Psychology and Theology) and a Master’s degree in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) (LCC, 2009c). Although LCC operates in several countries as a nonprofit organization, it is generally governed by an independent Board of Directors, which is composed of members from North America and Lithuania (LCC, 2009b). It can be seen through the chart above how bible colleges, depending on their size and the breadth of the courses they offer, differ when it comes to governance and organizational structure. While their similarities are obvious, their differences are indistinct and needs a closer look. It must be noted, however, that the exact nature of two out of the three Christian Colleges studied here do not present complete data regarding the hierarchy of power and accountability. Thus, this comparative analysis is based on the available data and the inferences that can be drawn from them. Liberty University is governed primarily by the Chancellor and the President of the Board of Trustees, which is the same person. He is also the son of the founder and the President of the Board of Trustees Committees. Even though managing this large

Physical Activity Interventions for Postpartum Depression

Physical Activity Interventions for Postpartum Depression One of the most hazardous occasions for women to indicate depressive symptoms is the period that follows childbirth (Robertson, Celasun Stewart, 2003). According to http://www.apa.org (2015) the percentage of women that are likely to experience symptoms of postpartum depression ranges between 9% and 16%. According to the same source (http://www.apa.org, 2015) new mothers diagnosed with postpartum depression lose the ability to cope with everyday tasks and infant care and are prone to experience stress and melancholia. Robertson,Celasun Stewart,(2003) underline the correlation of the postpartum depression symptomatology with symptoms of severe depression such as lack of energy, low mood and loss of the ability to experience pleasure and report the probable presence of suicidal thoughts. The same researchers also address this complex disorder for new mothers as a severe health issue that affects the immediate family of the women and pinpoint the need to provide efficient solutions to the target population. According to the official website NHS.uk(2015) physical activity has been identified as one of the most prevalent options of treatment of mild depression and evidence supports the coping skills physical activity provides to depressive patients.The website also informs that the psychological therapies such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and interpersonal therapy, are the first choice of treatment for moderate postnatal depression to women with no psychiatric history. Robertson, Celasun Stewart,(2003) associate the lack of evidence on successful physical activity interventions as potential alternative treatment for postpartum depression with the undermining of the disease by patients and health professionals, particularly when there is scientific evidence on the positive impact of physical activity on depressive symptomatology(Nice.org.uk, 2009). Currie, Develin, (2002) acknowledge the lack of leisure time due to childcare and financial struggle as potential barriers for mothers with postnatal depression to engage to physical activity programmes. The meta-analyses conducted by Dennis Dowswell(2013) on postnatal depression revealed that, compared to standard treatment ,when women received interventions with psychological or psychosocial context, they were less inclined to develop symptoms of the condition. In their meta-analysis, Daley, Jolly, MacArthur(2009) did not attain evidence to support the replacement of traditional treatment of post-natal depression , with exercise interventions that can deliver results as successful as standard treatment. In a meta analysis (Dally, Jolly, MacArthur,2009)pram –walking group intercessions have been reviewed as easily accessible to women that are diagnosed with postnatal depression and are promoted by well-being practitioners as beneficial. The findings also indicate that Intervention focused on aerobics have successfully reduced the levels of depression for mothers and it might be profitable for future interventions targeting PND to include a mixture of aerobic and mild exercise. The first intervention to be discussed is conducted by Armstrong Edwards(2004), where they designed a 12-week randomised controlled trial for women that have delivered a baby in the past year. The aim of the RCT was to investigate the impact of a physical activity intervention group which involved pram-strolling women with their infants contrasted with the control group that provided social support. Kanotra et al(2007) acknowledge social support as one of the basic needs that arise for women postpartum.The meetings of the social support group were non-organized. In the pre-intervention stage of physical wellness, depression levels and social support were evaluated by quantitative measures. The same measures evaluated the effects after the 12th week when the Intervention was completed. The aim of the Intervention was for the pram-strolling group to indicate a decrease of the symptoms of postnatal depression while enhancing their wellness levels. The enhancement of the social support levels of both groups and the participants’ perspectives of the activities were defined as secondary endpoints. The researchers deduced that pram-strolling groups, integrated with psychological treatment and medication, can provide a cost-effective alternative form of coping with postnatal depression and improving their personal lives, especially when traditional treatment fails to provide efficient results. Robertson, Cesalun, Stewart (2013) acknowledge the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Rating Scale (EPDS), a set of 10 question self-rating scale as the most efficient and approximate to medically evaluated measures for depression. The researchers (Armstrong Edwards, 2004) supported that there was a correlation among fitness and depression; the improvement of the one had a significant effect on the improvement of the other. The results supported this rationale. The authors also suggested that other factors could influence the amelioration with regards to the depression levels.. The findings of the trial showed that in the first group, the symptoms of depression were diminished as well as the physical condition of the mothers was considerably ameliorated. Furthermore, social support was sustained at the same levels for the two groups. Although one of the hypothesis was confirmed, several weaknesses of the study have been acknowledged by the researchers that can undermine the value of the trial and establish it as not applicable to new mothers with postnatal depression(Armstrong Edwards,2004). As it has not been supported by evidence that the Cornish Walking Wheel, which was the measure used for fitness evaluation, can provide an accurate representation of â€Å"the maximum volume of oxygen consumption (VO2max)† (Armstrong Edwards, 2004, pp.6), it is not a reliable measure for fitness evaluation and needs to be examined in future research. Although it is acknowledged that the researchers tried to evaluate the Cornish Walking Wheel in the pilot study they conducted, this evaluation is not sufficient for the fitness measure to be perceived as reliable for fitness evaluation and future research on physical activity interventions of postnatal depression can explore the validity of the measure. Another weakness of the trial as recognised by Armstong Edwards(2004) is the choice of Social Support Interviews (SSI) in the Social Support Group. Although the questionnaire has been used in previous research (O’Hara,1995), it was not assessed for this Intervention against other validated measures. The authors recognise that the lack of results on the levels of social support could be attributed to the brief span of the trial and the measurement’s inability to recognise even mild variation of the social support levels provided to the targeted population. In order for Interventions to be reliable measurement-wise, Armstong Edwards (2004) suggest that the formulation of appropriate measures for each exercise group of postnatal women needs to be established. Armstrong Edwards(2004) raise another issue regarding the small sample of the trial (19 participants) which does not allow the results of the interventions to be generalized. Some other traits that confine the generalizability of the findings include the demographic homogeneity of the trial’s participants as well as the correlation of their high educational, socioeconomic background and regional proximity. As a result, the findings of the interventions, although successful to an extent, they are not applicable to different populations. In order to confirm the success of the randomised controlled trial for postnatal depression focused on pram- walking activities, future trials should be designed to target demographic heterogeneity and the recruitment of participants from various ethnical and socioeconomical backgrounds(Armstrong Edwards,2004). The second study of choice is a pilot study conducted in the UK. In their pilot study Gillinsky, Hughes McInnes(2012) executed a randomized controlled trial that consists of two groups with exercise courses and one 10-week body with pram-strolling activities. The pilot study aims to alter the behaviour of exercise and physical wellbeing and research the efficiency of behavioural and motivational intercessions. The application of accelerometers in the MAMMiS trial (Gillinsky, Hughes McInnes,2012) provides validity to the trial by measuring impartially the levels of physical activity of the participants for a week. The fact that the accelerometer is on for all the wakening hours of their daily schedule is one of the criteria to differentiate this study to more traditional ones on postnatal depression, is ithe fact that it provides flexibility to the daily schedules of new mothers by measuring the physical activity around the clock. One of the advantages of the study is the design (RCT),due to the nature of randomised controlled trials providing evidence that the results of an intervention are caused by the treatment option via randomization(Ebbp.org,2015) and the 12-week follow-up after the intervention is completed. One of the limitations of this trial is that it is a pilot study and pilot studies are implemented to locate certain weaknesses and modify them in order to design a larger, successful trial. Pilot studies explore the potential of an intercession and their results should not be taken at face value, especially because the sample sizes of a pilot study are always small(Leon, Davis Kraemer,2011).Furthermore, the efficacy of the study is potentially limited due to the fact that the trial is delivered by only one health-care professional and to a specific population in the Scottish countryside. In order to design successful intercessions of physical activity on PND based on this pilot study, the target population and the researchers involved need to be distinctive(Gillinsky, Hughes McInnes,2012). On an analysis focused on the impact of exercise on depressive symptoms Daley, Jolly McArthur(2009) concluded that physical activity interventions can be successful only as complementary treatments of postnatal depression, as there was no evidence to indicate successful rates when patients replace standard treatment(medication and psychological support) with exercise. Strà ¶hle (2008) in his paper reaches the same conclusion by arguing that although exercise has not been assessed on delivering clinically valid findings and as a result it cannot be applied instead of traditional treatment, whose clinical value is established. However, he acknowledges the helpful reaction exercise has on depression and encourages future researchers to investigate the appropriate duration and regularity of physical activity interventions(Strà ¶hle,2008). In addition, Robertson, Celasun Stewart(2003), recognise as unlikely for researchers to develop a single effective treatment option for the whole po pulation of postnatal depression, considering there is a variety of probable factors than can lead to the development of postnatal depression. Nevertheless, they underline the demand for sufficient evidence that can be used as a manual from professionals in primary and secondary care.(Robertson, Celasun Stewart,2003). Conclusively, it has been reviewed that studies investigating the efficiency of physical activity on postpartum depression (Daley, Jolly McArthur, 2009) lack sufficient follow-up findings and are characterised by small samples. These two factors indicate that postnatal depression interventions targeting exercise have not been sufficiently explored and future researchers should concentrate on developing interventions with larger populations and longer span of follow-up effects.After the literature review conducted by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence in England (NICE)(Nice.org.uk,2009) that supports the benefits of exercise on patients that indicate mild depressive symptoms, the next steps of the research community should be the formulation of cost-effective interventions of moderate exercise that can contemplate the treatment of women diagnosed with postpartum depression (Daley, Jolly,McArthur, 2009). REFERENCES http://www.apa.org,.(2015). Postpartum Depression Fact Sheet. Retrieved 2 March 2015, from http://www.apa.org/pi/women/programs/depression/postpartum.aspx Armstrong, K., Edwards, H. (2004). The effectiveness of a pram-walking exercise programme in reducing depressive symptomatology for postnatal women. International Journal Of Nursing Practice, 10(4), 177-194. doi:10.1111/j.1440-172x.2004.00478.x Currie, J., Develin, E. (2002). STROLL YOUR WAY TO WELL-BEING: A SURVEY OF THE PERCEIVED BENEFITS, BARRIERS, COMMUNITY SUPPORT, AND STIGMA ASSOCIATED WITH PRAM WALKING GROUPS DESIGNED FOR NEW MOTHERS, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA. Health Care For Women International, 23(8), 882-893. doi:10.1080/07399330290112380 Daley, A., Jolly, K., MacArthur, C. (2009). The effectiveness of exercise in the management of post-natal depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. Family Practice, 26(2), 154-162. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmn101 Dennis CL, Dowswell T. (2013). Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, Art. No.: CD001134. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001134.pub3 Ebbp.org,. (2015). EBBP. Retrieved 3 March 2015, from http://www.ebbp.org/course_outlines/randomized_controlled_trials/ (EPDS), E., Depression., P. (2015). Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Psychology Tools. Retrieved 4 March 2015, from https://psychology-tools.com/epds/ Gilinsky, A., Hughes, A., McInnes, R. (2012). More Active Mums in Stirling (MAMMiS): a physical activity intervention for postnatal women. Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 13(1), 112. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-13-112 Kanotra, S., D’Angelo, D., Phares, T., Morrow, B., Barfield, W., Lansky, A. (2007). Challenges Faced by New Mothers in the Early Postpartum Period: An Analysis of Comment Data from the 2000 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) Survey. Matern Child Health J, 11(6), 549-558. doi:10.1007/s10995-007-0206-3 Leon, A., Davis, L., Kraemer, H. (2011). The role and interpretation of pilot studies in clinical research. Journal Of Psychiatric Research, 45(5), 626-629. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.10.008 Nhs.uk,. (2015). Postnatal depression NHS Choices. Retrieved 2 March 2015, from http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/postnataldepression/pages/introduction.aspx Nice.org.uk,. (2009). Depression in adults: The treatment and management of depression in adults | treatments-for-mild-to-moderate-depression | Information for the public | NICE. Retrieved 2 March 2015, from http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg90/ifp/chapter/treatments-for-mild-to-moderate-depression Ohara, M., Swain, A. (1996). Rates and risk of postpartum depression— a meta-analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry, 8(1), 37-54. doi:10.3109/09540269609037816 Robertson, E., Celasun, N., and Stewart, D.E. (2003). Risk factors for postpartum  depression. In Stewart, D.E., Robertson, E., Dennis, C.-L., Grace, S.L., Wallington, T.(2003). Postpartum depression: Literature review of risk factors and interventions. Strà ¶hle, A. (2008). Physical activity, exercise, depression and anxiety disorders. Journal Of Neural Transmission, 116(6), 777-784. doi:10.1007/s00702-008-0092-x